Sanskrit 
Apracchana "welcome"
Apracchana "welcome"
Introduction
Sanskrit, meaning 'perfected' or 'refined,' is one of the oldest, if not the oldest, of attested human languages. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family of languages. The oldest form of Sanskrit is Vedic Sanskrit believed to date back to the 2nd millennium BC. Known as "The mother of all languages," Sanskrit is the dominant classical language of the Indian subcontinent and one of the 22 official languages of India. It is also the liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Vedic Sanskrit is one of the earliest attested members of the Indo-European language family.
Originally, Sanskrit was considered not to be a separate language, but a refined way of speaking, a marker of status and education, a form of language studied and used by Brahmins. It existed alongside spoken vernaculars, called Prakrits which later evolved into the modern Indo-Aryan languages. Classical Sanskrit continued to be in use long after it was no longer spoken as a first language.
Scholars distinguish between Vedic Sanskrit and its descendant, Classical Sanskrit, however these two varieties are very similar and differ mostly in a some points of phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.
In India and in Southeast Asia, Sanskrit enjoys a status that is similar to that of Latin and Greek in the Western world. As a central part of Hindu tradition and philosophy, Sanskrit is mostly used today as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals. According to 1981 data, it is spoken in India as a first language by 6,000 people and as a second language by 190,000 people (Ethnologue). Sanskrit is a required subject in many schools. Even though it is not a spoken language, its significance is such that it is one of the 22 official languages of India.
Sanskrit exerted a great deal of influence on all languages and cultures of the Indian subcontinent and beyond. Sanskrit mantras are recited by millions of Hindus and most temple functions are conducted entirely in Sanskrit, often Vedic in form. The vocabularies of prestige varieties of Indian languages, such as Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, and Marathi, are heavily Sanskritized.
There have been recent attempts to revive Sanskrit as a spoken language, so that vast Sanskrit literature could become accessible to everyone. India's Central Board of Secondary Education has made Sanskrit a third language in the schools under its jurisdiction. In such schools, the study of Sanskrit is compulsory for grades 5 to 8. An option between Sanskrit and Hindi exists for grades 9 and 10. Many organizationsare conducting "Speak Sanskrit" workshops to popularize the language.
Structure
Sound System
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Classical Sanskrit has 48 phonemes (Vedic Sanskrit has 49). Phonemes are sounds that make a difference in word meaning. Vowels
Consonants
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The oldest surviving Sanskrit grammar is Paņini's prescriptive "Eight-Chapter Grammar" of Classical Sanskrit, dating back to about 500 BC. Pānini and other grammarians systematized Sanskrit grammar in the latter part of the 1st millennium BC. Nouns
Verbs
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Sanskrit vocabulary consists mostly of words of common Indo-European origin. Sanskrit words can be formed by compounding and reduplication, e.g., matara-pitara 'mother [and] father,' dive-dive 'day by day.' Some compound words can be extremely long. |
Writing
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Writing |
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Click here to learn more about the Devanāgarī alphabet. Click here to hear the pronunciation of the Devanāgarī alphabet. There are several transliteration systems for writing Sanskrit with the Latin script, even though Devanāgarī is generally preferred for the transcription and reproduction of whole texts and lengthy excerpts. The following transliteration schemes are the most commonly used:
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/. Vowels are written differently, depending on whether they are independent or following a consonant. Devanāgarī is written from left to right. Sentences are separated by vertical lines. 
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Sanskrit words in English
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, literally 'the travels of 
,' is attributed to the poet 
, literally 'the great tale of the Bharata dynasty,' is one of the longest epic poems in world literature, dating as far back as 500 BC. It contains more than 74,000 verses, plus long prose passages, totalling some 1.8 million words. It contains the 
Resources |
Click here to find out where Sanskrit is taught in the United States. Online resources for learning Sanskrit
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How difficult is it to learn Sanskrit? Since Sanskrit is not a spoken language, no rating is available. |
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